Pasar konsumen dan pasar bisnis memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda di mana mereka berfungsi. Sebelumnya, pentingnya diberikan terutama dalam memahami pelanggan dan bisnis mereka. Namun di era teknologi dan globalisasi ini, perusahaan tidak dapat mengabaikan persaingan.

Banyak perusahaan menurunkan biaya mereka dengan mengalihdayakan produksi ke negara-negara Asia. Perusahaan harus mengawasi strategi dan program pemasaran yang dilakukan oleh pesaing, agar tetap sukses.

Model lima kekuatan Michael Porter tepat dalam mengidentifikasi kekuatan kompetitif, yang mempengaruhi bisnis di lingkungan tertentu. Kelima kekuatan tersebut adalah ancaman perusahaan dari segmen yang sama, ancaman pendatang baru di segmen tersebut, ancaman dari produk pengganti, ancaman dari peningkatan daya tawar konsumen dan ancaman dari daya tawar pemasok. Jika di segmen yang sama ada terlalu banyak pemain, jika segmen itu mencapai kejenuhan, jika tidak ada perluasan lebih lanjut daripada melanjutkan operasi, sulit bagi perusahaan. Jika entry barrier sedikit dan jauh maka memudahkan perusahaan untuk masuk, membuat segmen menjadi tidak menarik tetapi jika entry barrier lebih kuat dari pada perusahaan lebih baik memasuki segmen tersebut.

Produk pengganti merupakan ancaman besar dan membatasi ruang lingkup kenaikan harga. Jika konsumen lebih terorganisir, memiliki pilihan dalam hal produk yang tersedia dan dapat menciptakan tekanan pada keuntungan, membuat segmen menjadi tidak menarik. Demikian pula, jika pemasok terorganisir dengan lebih baik, jumlah yang lebih sedikit dan pasokan merupakan bahan baku utama untuk hasil akhir selain juga segmen tidak menarik.

Berurusan dengan ancaman adalah satu hal tetapi jika perusahaan tidak dapat mengidentifikasi persaingan mereka maka dapat menyebabkan konsekuensi serius. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir teknologi dan internet telah mengubah cara bisnis dilakukan. Banyak perusahaan ketahuan tidur siang sehubungan dengan persaingan yang datang dari internet. Pengecer seperti Wal-Mart dan Target menghadapi persaingan dari pengecer online Amazon.com. Perusahaan melihat persaingan dalam format langsung. Format langsung ini terdiri dari struktur industri, jumlah pemain, hambatan masuk-keluar, model bisnis dan kemampuan untuk mengglobal. Pasar melihat persaingan dengan cara yang jauh lebih holistik di mana produk yang berbeda dapat memenuhi kebutuhan yang sama. Misalnya untuk fashion remaja bisa dijelaskan dengan apparel ke pemutar musik, jadi dengan budget terbatas pilihannya hanya bisa satu.Pendekatan pasar meningkatkan jumlah pesaing secara nyata dan abstrak.

Perusahaan setelah melalui proses identifikasi persaingan, juga perlu melakukan analisa yang mendalam baik dari segi sifat, strategi, kekuatan, kelemahan dan pola operasinya. Perusahaan yang mengikuti strategi serupa perlu mengelompokkan pemain yang ada dalam matriks penawaran produk. Misalnya, di pasar laptop, apel berada di kelas atas sedangkan Dell menawarkan model kelas bawah.

Perusahaan perlu memahami motif dan tujuan pesaing untuk berada di pasar . Perusahaan AS percaya pada nilai pemegang saham sedangkan perusahaan Jepang percaya pada pangsa pasar. Perusahaan selanjutnya perlu memahami kekuatan dan kelemahan pesaing. Misalnya, GM memiliki jangkauan yang baik di USA tetapi kelemahannya adalah kualitas sedangkan Toyota tidak memiliki jaringan dealer yang luas tetapi menawarkan kualitas. Pola operasi pesaing juga perlu dipelajari secara cermat seperti tindakan pesaing dalam menghadapi tantangan posisinya di pasar.

Untuk menghadapi persaingan perusahaan perlu merancang sistem intelijen. Perusahaan perlu mengidentifikasi parameter yang akan membantu dalam menganalisis persaingan . Kemudian diikuti dengan pengumpulan informasi yang sumber dan metodologinya harus diselesaikan. Setelah informasi dikumpulkan, itu harus dianalisis dan dikirim ke pengambil keputusan yang tepat untuk ditindaklanjuti. Karena ada biaya yang terlibat dalam merancang dan memelihara sistem tersebut, beberapa perusahaan memberikan kontrak kepada perusahaan yang mengkhususkan diri dalam kegiatan pengumpulan intelijen.

Informasi dari sistem sangat membantu dalam merancang strategi pemasaran. Strategi pemasaran berkembang tergantung pada posisi perusahaan di pasar. Pemimpin pasar, penantang pasar, pengikut pasar, dan pemain ceruk adalah empat jenis strategi posisi yang diikuti perusahaan.

Menghadapi persaingan bukanlah tugas yang mudah dan membutuhkan sumber daya yang berdedikasi dari tenaga kerja, sistem dan anggaran. Setiap penyimpangan dari perusahaan akan mengakibatkan penurunan pangsa pasar dan keuntungan.

The contribution of the agricultural sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is determined using different methods and approaches. One such method is the Gross Agriculture Product (GAP) model, which was developed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The other method is by analyzing national income accounts. In addition, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is determined using the concept of diversification. The analysis mainly focuses on the farming industry since it is the only industry that can significantly affect the overall economic performance.

The concepts and methods used in determining the contribution of the agricultural sector to economic growth are broadly similar to those used in the economic development studies. Major contributor is a function of land size, which is consistent across all land class. A major effect of the large scale farming is the reduction of rural poverty, which is more prevalent in developing countries. The analysis presented below explains and interprets the impact of the agricultural sector in relation to other economic indicators.

Labor force The labor supply is primarily dependent on the size of the agricultural sector and the human capital of rural residents. Increases in population size leads to an increase in demand for skilled labor as well as opportunities for capital investment. As a result of these factors the labor productivity increases which results in improved overall economic growth.

Enhanced irrigation and improved transportation infrastructure The size of the agricultural sector has a direct impact on the level of development of the overall economy. The improved transportation infrastructure facilitates the flow of raw materials and labor thus improving overall infrastructure. This enhances improved infrastructural development resulting in enhanced infrastructural development. These results in improved agricultural productivity, higher levels of output and ability to finance economic growth.

Improved agricultural and Livestock production With an increase in the size of the agricultural sector there is an increase in the volume and quality of agricultural production. Increased production leads to improvement in living standards and the ability to export goods to the global market increasing the income and share of the country in the global market. It also leads to the employment generation resulting in an increase in the level of industrialization of the overall economy. The agricultural value added products like machinery, chemicals and fertilizers are vital to the overall progress of the economy in all African countries. The fertilizer industry for example has been developed by major players in the world over the period of time.

Improving infrastructure This results in better distribution of basic resources and a better utilization of these resources. The improvement in the infrastructural infrastructure facilitates the inflow of capital required for investment in the agricultural and manufacturing sectors of the country. Some of the infrastructural improvements include electrification of roads, better water and gas distribution, information technology etc. There has been a marked improvement in communications and internet connectivity has also seen significant improvements.

Better Agriculture The primary reason for the improvement in the agricultural sector in many of the African countries is that the yields have increased substantially. This has led to an increased demand for food and agricultural produce in the country. This has lead to the growth of the middlemen who then engage in the sale of the produce on behalf of the farmers. The fruits and vegetables are selling at a reasonable price thus leading to a boom in the agricultural production. These middlemen who are commonly known as agents have enabled the access of the products directly to the consumers which have seen major changes in the eating habits of the people in the country.

Technological Development With the advent of technology there have been great changes in the way that the industries function. This has also facilitated the inflow of capital and finance to the different enterprises. The inflow of finance means that there is a greater possibility of the businesses being successful in bringing out their products to the market. Also the agricultural surplus has helped in the modernization of the tools used in the agricultural sectors and the increase in the productivity levels in the industrial sector has also been facilitated by this factor.

The proper research procedure in the laboratory for final students is one of the most important aspects of this line of work. It is a procedure of collecting data, preparing the data, analyzing the data, communicating your findings, and presenting it in a report to your research supervisor. There are some steps involved in proper research methodology that graduate students may not be aware of. One of these steps is the proper data collection. Graduate students should be sure that they keep proper records for all procedures and experiments.

Proper records for research can be found in student files at the graduate school. This information should include the name of the student, his or her title, department, and year of graduation. A student record form should be filed in your final office room. This student record form should be located in your room or in the room where you normally do your work. If you are working in a lab set up with a specific group, this lab should be located somewhere within the set up of the lab. It is best to keep a copy of this form in your lab and place it in your desk for easy access.

For experiments where you directly interact with samples or with materials that you are testing on, your clothes should be clean. You should wash your hands thoroughly and dry them with a clean towel before touching anything that comes in contact with the sample or material. Before taking any steps, make sure that you sterilize the needle between you and the material or samples. Do not share needles or any other equipment with other people. Make sure that the appropriate storage container is available when needed. Disposable jars, plastic bags, and plastic cups are all great options for proper storage.

A good method for communicating your findings is by keeping all of your communication written down. This can include graphs, charts, data sheets, or laboratory manuals. These items should be available to all members of your team at all times. It is also important to include notes about each experiment that you work on. Having a notebook available for students to take notes on their own can help make their experiments more manageable and allow for a final report to be completed quickly and easily.

As a final note, the student should give credit to the instructors and the faculty for their work. Students should acknowledge the individuals who helped them with their experiments and solutions. Students should give credit when the work is being shared with others. They should also thank the individuals who taught them something. This will also give the student some added confidence for the final project.

There are many more tips and suggestions for proper research in the laboratory for final students. The information presented here is just a basic outline of things to remember when completing research in the lab. Proper research involves many different aspects of science and it is important that the student has everything they need to perform quality research. Having a notebook handy for taking notes and making graphs is essential.

Materi Manajemen SDM 

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